Kyoto Monkeys (Kukurizaru at Yasaka Koshindo Temple in Kyoto)

At Yasaka Koshindo Temple, near Kiyomizutera, we stumbled across a small shrine. Hanging outside were strings of stuffed items, and inside were the same items with words written on them. We discovered that these items were supposed to be monkeys are intended to help you eliminate some kind of desire. You write the desire you wish to disgard on the monkey (much like you write a prayer on an ema) and hang it in the shrine.

The following is the text of a handout about Kukurizaru from Yasaka Koshindo Temple in Kyoto:

Yasaka Koshindo Temple

Koshin-san (Shomen kongo (the blue warrior), one of the Buddhist guardians) likes good people. Therefore, divine favor is given to them. But he abhors bad people. Therefore, punishment is given to them. His wish is that everybody will become a good person. That is why he has an angry face so that humans will not have a wicket heart. He aids those who try with all their might to be a good person.

Kukurizaru (The Hanging Monkey)

The Kukurizaru is a monkey which has its hands and feet tied together and cannot move. It is said that the monkey is an animal very like man, but after all it is an animal that simply acts upon its will or desire. If you go to a zoo, you can see that a monkey just plays about as it likes. This figure is compared to the desire in man, and in order that "desire" can not come out it is tied by Koshin.

In order to have one of your wishes granted by the monkey, you should get rid of one of your desires.

When you put in the effort to fulfill your wish, your desire tries to come out and prevent it from coming true. So you must put your desire in the monkey and Koshin will help you control it. Therefore, if your desire tries to come out and you do a bad thing, or you lose the willto keep up your effort as though the monkey in you is playing about you should remember Koshin's angry face. You should warn yourself that "You will be punished" and you should control your desire like a hanging monkey. If you do a good thing the hanging monkey will help you as a servant of Koshin. If you feel a desire coming on, you should put your hands together, pray to Koshin, and recite the Buddhist sutra:

"ON DEIBA YAKISYA BANTA BANTA KAKAKAKA SOWAKA"

If your monkey gets dirty or old you should replace it with a new one. And, if you do not need it anymore, please sent it back to Koshindo.

Writer: Emi Kitagawa (Kyoto Saga University of Arts, Department of Tourism Design)
Email: b103901@kyoto-saga.ac.jp
Editor: Eleanor Robinson (Kyoto University)

Below are two pictures of the hanging monkeys with (I assume) desires of which people wish to rid themselves (sorry, a bit blury):

What in the World is This? (4)

I took this picture during a trip to India in 1991. Can you guess what it is?

Here's a hint: I took this picture while inside, looking up. And it allowed me to sleep comfortably at night.

Give up? It's a mosquito net.

During that trip many years ago was the first time I had ever seen such a thing. Heck, now you can find them at places like Pier 1 (perhaps for more decorative purposes?) and maybe even at camping stores.

Effective? Yes indeed!

Japan: Rain Drain

I was tempted to make this a "What in the World is This?" piece, but the answer would have been a bit too obvious.

In the US, we use gutters that guide rainwater all the way down to the ground and (hopefully!) away from the house.

I am fascinated by the "rain drains" in Japan: decorative and functional (I assume).

Hindu Symbolism in Miyajima

Ameeta and I found these unusual statues in Miyajima, Japan. They are unusual because the statues represent Hindu gods, something generally not seen in Japan.

Professor Phyllis Larson notes that the characters read かんぎてん (kangiten) and the first two both mean joy or pleasure. Apparently this refers to religious joy. In my Japanese dictionary there is a reference to a religious person who receives the sutra with joy and protects it. In another dictionary, the word is listed as a Buddhist term that refers to heaven in the Jodo sect. The first dictionary also said that the top half is always an elephant, and the lower, human. But clearly this is a sign of Buddhist origins in Hinduism, don't you think?

Other details on this include:

Ganesh Worship in Japan by Satish Purohit:

Scholars commonly date the presence of Ganesha in Japan with the age of Kukai (774- 834), the founder of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism. The centrality of the worship of Ganesha or Vinayaka or Kangiten, as he is popularly called in Japan, is a distinguishing feature of this cult. The doctrines, rituals and beliefs of the sect have a number of parallels with the cult of Ganpatyas, to which belonged saints like Gajanan Maharaj of Shegao, Maharashtra.

China, the land through which the Elephant-headed divinity entered Japan has Ganesha Sculptures dating back to the fourth century, which surprisingly predates any depiction of Ganesh in India. Both the lands recognize Ganesha as having converted to Buddhism.

Ganesha’s most popular form in Japan is the dual-Vinayaka or the Embracing Kangi. Two tall figures, elephant headed but human bodied, male and female, stand in embrace. The female wears a jeweled crown, a patched monks robe and a red surplice.

One definition of kangiten is:

Also read Kankiten. Also Shouten/Shouden 聖天. Abbreviation of Daishoukangiten 大聖歓喜天. The elephant-headed Indian deity Ganesa, who is also sometimes called Nandikesvara, Ganapat or Vinayaka. A son of Siva still worshipped as a deity who foils obstacles to ones actions and grants good fortune to new beginnings. He appears in the *Ryoukai mandara 両界 曼荼羅 as an elephant-headed deity called Binayakaten 毘那夜迦天. In China and Japan he came to be revered under the the name of Kangiten. Although in texts, two, four and six-armed forms are mentioned, in Japan Kangiten is usually shown as a pair of two-armed, elephant-headed deities in embrace. Images of Kangiten are rare and many are kept as secret images in temples and shrines. Many are small, and made of metal because his ritual involves pouring oil over the images. The ritual associated with Kangiten was secret and was part of other ritual observances, such as the goshichinichi no mishuhou 後七日の御修法 . In popular worship he signifies conjugal harmony and long life. There is an iconographic drawing of Kangiten in Touji 東寺, Kyoto, by Chinkai 珍海 (1091-1152).

Hokaiji in Kamakura contains a kangitenimage in its Kangiten Hall

At the southeast corner of the Temple grounds or on the right of the main hall stands a small structure, in which the statue of Kangiten (Nandikesvara in Skt.), an ICA, is enshrined. The statue with 152-centimeter height, made during the first half of the 14th century, is unique in that it has two elephant faces on two human bodies hugging each other. Originally, Kangiten was a god of Hinduism and was later employed by Buddhism. In Japanese folklore, Kangiten is believed to invite a conjugal affection and bless couples with children. Unfortunately, the statue is not on public display and the feretory door is always closed.

Kangiten can also be found at Gumyo-ji in Yokohama:

And, although not ordinarily on view to the public, the temple has a Buddhist statue called the Kangiten. This Buddhist image, which is originally a Hindu Deity, is carved in the unusual form of a man and woman embracing each other. Incidentally, if reservations are made for five or more people, it is possible to have a shojin Buddhist-style meal at the temple, consisting of purely vegetarian fare, without meat, fish or eggs. On such occasions, visitors are given the opportunity to see the Kangiten.

Finally, this book (which I have not yet read) contains a chapter on Hinduism in Japan: Ganesa : Unravelling an Enigma (ISBN 81-208-1413-4). Thanks to Google Scholar, the following exerpts relate to kangiten in Japan:

Ganesa is called Shoten (noble god), Daishoten (great noble god) and Tenson (venerable god) in popular parlance in Japan. [...] He is an important diety in the mantrayana (esoteric) school of Japanese Buddhism. [...] Shoten is also quite popular in the non-esoteric sects. In 1979, Ganesa was being worshipped in as many as 243 temples in Japan. [p. 163]

In Japan, Ganesa is known generally by three names: Binyakaten, the generic appellation Binayaka meaning Vinayaka, Shoten (Aryadeca) and Kangiten. His other names are Ganabachi or Ganapati and Ganwha (Ganesa). [...] The third epithet Kangiten applies to a unique type of Ganesa evolved in China and Japan known as the double (two-paired). Kangiten is a god of happiness; or joy who brings prosperity and promotes well-being. Thus, the Japanese Ganesa, like the Indian prototype, is both a vighnakarta, obstacle creator and vighnaharta, obstacle remover, in his tantric form he radiates happiness, joy. [p. 164]

Is a "Tontine" a viable retirement investment?

ODE Magazine summarizes an article in the September 2004 issue of Prospect Magazine on the renewed interest in "tontines" as a retirement vehicle. Excerpting the ODE Magazine article:

A tontine [...] is a kind of annuity insurance where a group of people raise capital and then benefit from the interest. If one person dies, his or her share is divided among the remaining members. An example. Let's say 100 65-year-old men and women form a tontine. Everyone makes a one-time contribution of 5,000 dollars and the total sum is invested at three percent interest. Each member benefits from the annual interest earned. When someone in the group dies, there are fewer people sharing the accrued interest. When 25 percent of the original group remains -- let's say 20 years later -- the situation changes. The remaining capital is distributed in fixed amounts for another 10 years among an increasingly small group. In the past, tontines were occasionally associated with fraud and murder. But those problems can be easily avoided now by reliable financial oversight and anonymity for members.

In researching tontines, I found some basic background in the Wikipedia entry for tontines. I also ran across this article on the history of annuities. It doesn't provide much new information but does have some useful background. I also found more information on Aegon's Web Site (out of the Netherlands), including:

Tontine plans are linked pure endowment savings contracts, with a tontine bonus structure. Policyholders can choose from several funds in which to invest premiums paid. When death occurs before maturity, the tontine plans pay a death benefit equal to the premiums accumulated at 4% compound interest, subject to a minimum of 110% of the fund value during the first half of the contract term. This death benefit is charged on a yearly risk premium basis. The amount of death benefit that is charged for is equal to the total benefit paid to the policyholder, plus any un-recouped acquisition costs. When death occurs, the balance in the investment account is not paid out to the policyholder's estate, but is distributed out at the end of the year to the surviving policyholders of the specific series (a new series starts at the beginning of each calendar year) to which the deceased policyholder belonged. On survival to the maturity date, a benefit equal to the fund value, inclusive of tontine bonuses, is paid out. This is subject to a minimum of the premiums paid, provided the Mix Fund was chosen for investing premiums.

I'm curious if anyone knows of companies in the US that offer tontines?

IECC: Intercultural Email Classroom Connections, A History

Expanding access to electronic mail is a powerful tool for bringing us into more immediate contact with partners from other cultures. There is growing interest at local and national levels in the US and abroad to promote intercultural education and to develop a "global perspective."

When we encounter an unfamiliar culture, we tend to rely on what others have told us, on our imagination, and on our perceptions to develop a picture of the culture. Communication through global networking, however, can help by putting us more in control of discovering first-hand information about people from other cultures and by allowing students to become more active creators of their own learning experiences. Through a global education, we learn to recognize, accept, and integrate in some way that which is culturally different.


In 1992, Professor Bruce Roberts, Professor Howard Thorsheim, and I struggled to find partner classroom for our e-mail projects. While we were pleased with the success of our initial e-mail partnership efforts with the two Japanese schools, we were eager to expand our partnerships to include classrooms in other countries. Realizing that our difficulty finding partner classes abroad for e-mail exchanges must not be unique, in October, 1993, we created IECC as free service to help teachers link with partners in other countries and cultures for e-mail classroom pen-pal and project exchanges.

Although our primary intent was to assist college and university faculty in building classroom e-mail partnerships, we were pleasantly surprised to also see a great deal of interest at the K-12 level.

Initially, we named the mailing list "International E-Mail Classroom Connections" but soon realized that the word "international" did not accurately represent the intercultural nature of the links people were making within the United States: rural schools linking up with city schools and Chicago suburban schools connecting with schools in the southwestern U.S., for example. In March, 1994, in response to tremendous growth and a recognition of the multiple purposes for which the mailing list was being used, we renamed the IECC mailing list "Intercultural E-Mail Classroom Connections" and split it into three components: IECC, IECC-PROJECTS, and IECC-DISCSUSSION. In January, 1995 we also added a branch of the IECC focused on higher-ed (IECC-HE) and in April, 1995 one devoted to student-generated surveys (IECC-SURVEYS). Finally, in February, 1999 we added IECC-INTERGEN, an intergenerational linking component, to the IECC project.

Because of the popularity of IECC, the time required to maintain the system and respond to inquiries from subscribers was becoming unmanagable. In 2001 we agreed to transfer IECC to Teaching.com, who now runs IECC service at www.teaching.com/iecc.

From its creation in 1992, IECC distributed over 28,000 requests for e-mail partnerships. At the time of its transition, IECC counted 7200 teachers in 79 countries as subscribers.

While Bruce, Howard, and I continue to be interested in appropriate applications of technology in education, our efforts have turned in other directions, some of which you may be reading about later on this blog!

I'll sign off from this entry with a quote computing colleague Dan Boehlke made several years ago that, even with the massive changing in computing and communications, is still entirely relevant:

It is a given that networks may connect computers to each other. The connection of computers is insignificant, when compared to the ability of a network to connect people to each other, building a global community. Networks are for people.

Northfield: Joseph Mbele Book Signing: Africans and Americans: Embracing Cultural Differences

Joseph Mbele, author of the will be reading from signing copies his just-published book "Africans and Americans: Embracing Cultural Differences" at River City Books on April 11, 2005 at 7:00 PM...

Time: Monday, April 11, 2005 7:00 PM
Location: River City Books
Title of Event: Joseph Mbele-Africans and Americans: Embracing Cultural Differences

You can also visit the River City Books announcement or order the book online.